11.1 Introduction
1045.6 Language Functions
21.2 Panini to Chomsky and After
1055.7 Planes of Discourse
31.3 Aims of Linguistic Theory
1065.7.1 Participation Framework
41.4 What Constitutes Knowledge of Language? Grammar as the Representation of Linguistic Competence
1075.7.2 Exchange structure
51.4.1 The lexicon
1085.7.3 Act structures
61.4.2 Morphology
1095.7.4 Information state
71.4.3 Syntax
1105.7.5 Idea structure
81.4.4 Semantics
1115.7.6 Linking together planes of discourse
91.4.5 Phonetics and phonology
1125.8 Questions: References
101.5 Mental Grammar, Universal Grammar, Descriptive Grammars, Teaching Grammars, and Prescriptive Grammars
1136.1 Introduction
111.6 How is Knowledge of Language Acquired? The Logical Problem of Child Language Acquisition
1146.2 Biology of the Brain
121.7 How is Knowledge of Language Put to Use? Linguistic Performance
1156.2.1 The cerebrum
131.8 ‘Doing’ Linguistics
1166.2.2 The cerebral cortex and its neurons
141.9 Questions: References
1176.2.3 Cytoarchitectonics: the distribution of neurons in the cortex
152.1 Introduction
1186.2.4 The cerebellum, subcortical structures, and networks in the brain
162.2 The Structure of Words
1196.3 The Biology of Language
172.3 Word and Morpheme Classes
1206.3.1 Biological substrates: what are the biological bases of language?
182.3.1 Word classes
1216.3.2 Bio-temporal dynamics: what does the movie of brain activity during language use look like?
192.3.2 The distribution of words
1226.3.3 Separability: do different language functions depend on different biological substrates?
202.3.3 Inflectional morphology : Bound lexical morphemes:
1236.3.4 Domain specificity: are the biological substrates of a language dedicated exclusively to language?
212.3.4 Derivational morphology
1246.3.5 Dissociations
222.3.5 Open and closed classes
1256.4 Methods in the Study of the Biology of Language
232.4 Analyzing Morphological Structure
1266.4.1 The lesion method
242.4.1 Complex verbs in Swahili
1276.4.2 Hemodynamic neuroimaging
252.4.2 Complex verbs in Tolkapaya Yavapai: Orthography:
1286.4.3 Event-related potentials
262.4.3 Analyzing the structure of words
1296.4.4 Magnetoencephalography
272.4.4 Morpheme order
1306.4.5 Direct brain recording and stimulation
282.5 Variation in Morphology
1316.4.6 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
292.5.1 Analyzing types of variation
1326.5 Questions: References
302.5.2 Conditioned variation
1337.1 Introduction
312.5.3 Free variation
1347.2 Causes of Language Change
322.5.4 Portmanteau morphology and suppletion
1357.2.1 Articulatory simplification
332.6 The Hierarchical Structure of Words
1367.2.2 Regularization
342.6.1 Hierarchy in morphological structure
1377.2.3 Language contact
352.6.2 Tree diagrams
1387.3 Kinds of Language Change
362.6.3 Labeled bracketing
1397.3.1 Phonological change
372.7 Beyond Prefixes and Suffixes
1407.3.2 Morphological change
382.7.1 Infixation
1417.3.3 Syntactic change
392.7.2 Compounding
1427.3.4 Semantic change
402.7.3 Reduplication: More about irregular English plurals:
1437.4 Mechanisms of language change
412.8 Heads and Hierarchy
1447.4.1 Sound change
422.9 The Status of Words: Word boundaries and clitics
145Conditioned sound change
432.10 Problems in Morphological Analysis
146Unconditioned sound change
442.10.1 Zero morphemes and unmarked forms
147Chain shifts
452.10.2 Discontinuous morphemes
148Mergers and splits
462.11 Morphology and Typology
149Processes of sound change
472.12 Questions: References
1507.4.2 A brief history of English
483.1 Introduction
151Pre-English.
493.2 Tools for Phonetic Description
152Old English: c. 600–1100 CE.
503.2.1 Segments
153Middle English: c. 1100–1500.
513.2.2 Suprasegmentals
154Modern English: c. 1500-present.
523.3 Phonetic Alphabets
1557.4.3 Borrowing
533.3.1 Problems with orthography
1567.4.4 Analogy
54Pronunciations in dictionaries:
1577.5 Linguistic reconstruction and language families
553.3.2 The IPA and other phonetic alphabets
1587.5.1 The comparative method
563.3.3 Basic IPA symbols for American English
159Assembling cognates and establishing sound correspondences
573.4 The IPA Chart
160Reconstructing the Proto Sounds
58Phonetic symbols and computers:
1617.5.2 Early historical linguists
593.4.1 Articulators
1627.5.3 Internal reconstruction
603.4.2 Consonants
1637.6 Historical Linguistics and Culture
61Columns: a place of articulation
1647.7 Questions: References
62Rows: manners of articulation
1658.1 Why worry about bilingualism?
633.4.3 Voicing
1668.2 Bilingualism as a test for linguistic theory
643.4.4 Other consonants
1678.3 Bilingualism, culture and society
653.4.5 Vowels: The vowel chart
1688.4 Bilingualism in social interaction
663.4.6 Diphthongs
1698.5 Critical approaches to the study of bilingualism and society: community, identity, language
673.4.7 Different pronunciations mean different symbols
1708.6 Questions: References
683.4.8 Other IPA symbols: consonants and vowels
1719.1 Introduction
693.5 Diacritics
1729.2 Culturally influenced aspects of language
703.6 Questions: References
173Topic (what to talk about).
714.1 Introduction
174Agonism (using an adversarial format to accomplish goals other than literal fighting).
724.2 The structure of sentences
175Amplitude, pitch, and tone of voice (levels of loudness and pitch combined with voice quality).
734.3 Compositionality
176Intonation (the music of language).
744.3.1 Projection
177Overlap vs. Interruption (speaking at the same time).
754.3.2 Merger
178Turn-taking (how speakers determine who has, gets, or relinquishes the floor).
764.3.3 Adjunction
179Indirectness (communicating meaning implicitly rather than explicitly).
774.4 Movement and Deletion
180Framing (how ways of speaking signal what speakers think they are doing by talking in a particular way in a particular context).
784.4.1 Auxiliary movement
1819.3 Language, culture, and framing
794.4.2 WH-movement
1829.4 Cross-cultural Miscommunication
804.5 Grammars are finite; language is not
1839.5 The Consequences of Cultural Differences in School
814.5.1 Recursion
1849.6 Politeness and Interaction
82Multiple adjunctions
1859.7 High-involvement and high-considerateness styles
83Embedding
1869.7.1 Overlap
84Coordination
1879.7.2 Back-channel cues
85The significance of recursion
1889.7.3 Turn-taking
864.6 Restrictions
1899.7.4 Interactional sociolinguistic methodology
874.7 Heavy determiner phrase movement
1909.7.5 Asking questions
884.8 The Binding Theory
1919.7.6 Indirectness
894.9 Questions: References
1929.7.7 Mutual stereotyping
905.1 Introduction
1939.8 The ritual nature of the conversation
915.2 Data: language use in everyday life
1949.9 Language and Gender: 9.9.1 Gender differences grow up
925.3 Spoken and written discourse: a first look
1959.10 Complementary Schismogenesis: 9.10.1 Personal space and complementary schismogenesis
935.4 Spoken discourse
1969.11 Language and Cultural Relativity
945.4.1 Sequential and distributional analyses
1979.12 Questions: References
955.4.2 Repair and recipient design
198General Feature of Language
965.4.3 Comparing transcripts
199Phonetics and phonology
975.4.4 Adjacency pairs
200Morphology
985.4.5 Participation frameworks
201Applied linguistics
995.4.6 Narratives
202Language typology
1005.5 Written Discourse
203Lexicology
1015.5.1 Fragmentation and integration
204Syntax
1025.5.2 Writing to be read
205Sociolinguistics
1035.5.3 Registers
206Psycholinguistics
