1PART I- Flower Breeding Program Issues Introduction: Flower Breeding & Genetics
1499.7 Summary
2Chapter 1. Factors Affecting Flowering in Ornamental Plants
1509.8 Exercise
31.1 Introduction
151References: Figure Resource
41.2 The Flowering Process
152Chapter 10. Impatiens
51.2.1 Terminology
15310.1 Introduction
61.2.2 Autonomous Regulation of Flowering
15410.2 Species Origin & Centers of Diversity
71.2.3 Species
15510.3 History & Domestication
81.2.4 Environmental Conditions
15610.4 Botany & Cytology
91.2.5 Meristem Size
15710.5 Hybridization Mechanisms: 10.5.1 Pollination Process
101.2.6 Physiological Basis for Transition from Juvenile to Adult Phase
15810.6 Commercially Important Traits & Breeding
111.3 External Regulation of Flowering
159Objectives: 10.6.1 Germination
121.3.1 Photoperiodism
16010.7 Insect and Disease Resistance
131.3.2 Photoperiodic Response Groups
16110.7.1 Western Flower Thrip/INSV
141.3.3 Subdivision Within Response Groups
16210.7.2 Bacteria
151.3.4 Photoperiodism in Floriculture Crops
16310.7.3 Fungi
161.3.5 Length of Inductive Conditions Required for Flower Induction
16410.8 Genes Identified
171.3.6 Interaction of Photoperiodic Induction with Temperature
16510.9 Interspecific Crossing
181.3.7 The Physiological Basis for Photoperiodism
16610.10 Biotechnology
191.3.8 Photoperiodic Stimulus
16710.11 Future Opportunities
201.4 Vernalization
16810.12 Summary
211.4.1 Perception of Vernalization
16910.13 Exercise
221.4.2 Devernalization
170References: Figure Resource
231.4.3 Photoperiod Interactions
171Chapter 11. Petunia
241.4.4 Irradiance & Light Quality Interactions
17211.1 Introduction
251.4.5 Stage of Sensitivity to Vernalization
17311.2 Commercial Production
261.4.6 Stability of the Vernalization Process
17411.3 Taxonomy: 11.3.1 Petunia
271.4.7 Physiological Basis for Vernalization
17511.4 Cytogenetics
281.5 Irradiance Induction of Flowering
17611.4.1 Karyotype
291.6 Stress Induction of Flowering: 1.6.1 Ethylene
17711.4.2 Ploidy
301.7 Flower Development
17811.4.3 Transposable Elements
311.8 Dormancy
17911.5 Flower Color
321.9 Summary
18011.5.1 Chemistry
331.10 Exercise
18111.5.2 Flavonoid Biosynthesis
34References: Figure Resource
18211.6 Summary
35Chapter 2. Creation of New Floral Products
18311.7 Exercise
362.1 The Perennial Market
184References: Figure Resource
372.2 Life History
185Chapter 12. Zinnia
382.3 Dormancy
18612.1 Introduction
392.4 Juvenility
18712.2 Taxonomy
402.5 Current Research on Annualizing Perennials
18812.3 Origin and Brief History
412.6 Examples of Plant Growth Cycles
18912.3.1 Zinnia Violacea
422.7 Marketing Aspects
19012.3.2 Zinnia Haageana
432.8 Summary
19112.3.3 Zinnia Angustifolia
442.9 Exercise
19212.4 Breeding Objectives
45References: Figure Resource
19312.5 Breeding Techniques: 12.5.1 Reproductive Biology
46Chapter 3. Cultivar Testing
19412.6 Generation of Genetic Variants
473.1 Introduction and History
19512.6.1 Intraspecific Crosses
483.2 Today’s Trial Gardens
19612.6.2 Interspecific Crosses
493.2.1 Comparison or Row Trials
19712.6.3 Polyploidy
503.2.2 Display Gardens
19812.6.4 Heritable Variation Induced by in vitro Culture
513.2.3 Hanging Baskets and Combination Containers
19912.7 Breeding for Specific Traits: 12.7.1 Flower Color
523.3 Evaluation and Rating: 3.3.1 The Trial Rating System
20012.8 Summary
533.4 A Network of Trial Gardens
20112.9 Exercise
543.5 Summary
202References: Figure Resource
553.6 Exercise
203Chapter 13. Cacti
56References: Figure Resource
20413.1 Introduction
57Chapter 4. Protection Techniques
20513.2 Taxonomy
584.1 Introduction
20613.2.1 Schlumbergera
594.2 History and Background of Plant
20713.2.2 Hatiora
60Variety Protection
20813.3 Origin and Brief History
614.3 The UPOV Convention and Plant Breeders’ Rights
20913.4 Breeding Objectives
624.4 Plant Breeding’s Right vs. U.S. Plant Patents
21013.5 Breeding Techniques
634.5 Protection of New Plant Varieties in
21113.5.1 Reproductive Biology
64North America
21213.5.2 Crossing Procedures
654.6 Protecting the Right to Obtain Protection
21313.5.3 Pollen Collection and Storage
66for a New Plant Variety
21413.5.4 Fruit Set and Maturation
674.7 International Patents
21513.5.5 Seed Cleaning and Storage
684.8 Trademarks
21613.6 Genetic Diversity
694.9 Summary
21713.7 Generation of Genetic Variants
704.10 Exercise: References
21813.7.1 Intraspecific Hybridization
71Chapter 5. Herbaceous Ornamental Plant Germplasm Conservation and Use
21913.7.2 Interspecific Hybridization
725.1 Introduction
22013.7.3 Polyploidy
735.2 Centers of Origin of Herbaceous Ornamental
22113.7.4 Mutation Breeding
74Plants
22213.8 Future Challenges
755.3 Conservation of Herbaceous Ornamental
22313.8.1 Developing New Flower Colors
76Plants
22413.8.2 Extending Flower Longevity
775.3.1 The Industry and its Needs
22513.8.3 Improved Disease Resistance
785.3.2 Genetic Erosion
22613.8.4 Extending the Flowering Period
795.4 Category of Germplasm
22713.8.5 Improved Stress Tolerance
801. Related wild species
22813.9 Summary
812. Landraces, primitive and heirloom cultivars
22913.10 Exercise
823. Other wild species
230References: Figure Resource
834. Modern cultivars and germplasm releases
231Chapter 14. Chrysanthemum
845. Genetic stock collections and breeding lines
23214.1 Introduction
856. Genetically engineered lines
23314.2 Current Market Status
865.5 Conservation of Genes vs. Genotypes
23414.3 Taxonomy and Species
875.6 In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation
23514.3.1 Gene Pools
885.7 Orthodox vs. Recalcitrant Seed
236Greenhouse Chrysanthemums
895.8 International Conventions Relating to
237Garden Chrysanthemums
90Herbaceous Plant Germplasm Conservation
23814.5 Plant Habit
915.9 Summary
23914.6 Flower Color
925.10 Exercise
24014.7 Reproductive Biology
93References: Figure Resource
24114.8 Cytology : 14.8.1 Sports
94Chapter 6. Prevention of Invasiveness in Floricultural Crops
24214.9 Genetics & Breeding
956.1 Introduction
24314.9.1 Rapid Generation Cycling
966.2 Terminology
24414.9.2 Inbreeding, Inbreeding Depression, & Genetic Load
976.3 Where do the Insavive Species Original?
24514.9.3 Hybrid Seed Production
986.4 Monitoring & Control
24614.9.4 Floral Traits—Size, Type, Petal Orientation
996.5 Economic Solutions
24714.9.5 Flowering Requirements—Earliness, Day Neutrality, Heat Delay Insensitivity
1006.6 Summary
24814.9.6 Winter Hardiness
1016.7 Exercise
24914.10 Molecular Biology
102References: Figure Resource
25014.11 Ideotype Breeding
103Chapter 7. Ageratum
25114.12 Summary
1047.1 History and Domestication
25214.13 Exercise
1057.2 Species Origin, Centers of Diversity, Reproductive
253References: Figure Resource
106Barriers and Taxonomy
254Chapter 15. Crape myrtle
1077.3 Crossing Mechanisms
25515.1 Introduction
1087.4 Genetic Traits Affecting Commercial Production
25615.2 Germplasm
1097.5 Traits and Genes Identified
25715.3 Commercial Traits
1107.6 Commercial Product Examples, Marketing, and
25815.3.1 Flower Characteristics
111Cropideotypes
25915.3.2 Plant Habit
1127.7 Summary
26015.3.3 Cold Hardiness
1137.8 Exercise
26115.3.4 Disease and Pest Resistance
114References
26215.4 Production
115Figure Resource
26315.4.1 Propagation
116Table Resource
26415.4.2 Culture
117Chapter 8. Anagallis
26515.5 Breeding
1188.1 Species Origin
26615.5.1 Flowers and Pollination
1198.2 History
26715.5.2 Seed
1208.3 Reproductive Biology
26815.5.3 Species
1218.4 Breeding Objectives
26915.6 Summary
1228.4.1 Anagallis Breeding Cycles
27015.7 Exercise
1238.4.2 Characteristics Used During the Selection process
271Reference: Figure Resource
124Plant Growth Habit
272Glossary
125Early Flowering
273Abbreviations
1268.5 Invasiveness
274Index
1278.6 Summary
275A
1288.7 Exercise
276B
129References: Figure Resource
277C
130Chapter 9. Begonia
278D
1319.1 Introduction
279E
1329.1.1 Begoniaceae
280F
1339.2 Classification
281G
1349.2.1 Tuberous Begonias
282H
1359.2.2 Botanical Parents
283I
1369.2.3 Christmas Begonias
284K
1379.2.4 Elatior (Hiemalis) Begonias
285L
1389.2.5 Semperflorens Group
286M
1399.2.6 Gracilis Group
287N
1409.3 Pests and Diseases
288O
1419.3.1 Insect Pests
289P
1429.3.2 Fungi
290R
1439.3.3 Bacteria
291S
1449.4 Modifying Growth Habits
292T
1459.5 Breeding – Classical and Modern Methods
293V
1469.5.1 Classical Breeding
294W
1479.5.2 Breeding B. x semperflorens
295X
1489.6 Mass Propagation of Novel Begonias: 9.6.1 Seed Propagation
296Z
