1Chapter 1. Introduction
407.1 Language’s change
21.1 Universal parcels of language
417.2 Causes of language change
31.2 The descriptive approach
427.3 Kinds of language change
41.3 Defining language
437.4 Mechanisms of language change
51.4 The diversity of linguistics
447.5 Linguistic reconstruction and language families
6Chapter 2. History of English and historical linguistics: 2.1 Authentic Linguistics - the field
457.6 Historical linguistics and culture
7Chapter 3. The sounds of language
467.7 Summary
83.1 Articulatory phonetics
477.8 Exercise
93.2 Suprasegmentals
48Chapter 8. Dialect Variation
103.3 Acoustic phonetics
498.1 The nature of dialect variation
113.4 Phonology
508.2 Levels of dialect variation
123.5 Phonological theory
518.3 Types of dialect variation
133.6 Summary
528.4 Age-based variation and language change
143.7 Exercise
538.5 The fate of dialect variation
15Chapter 4. Words and their parts
548.6 Summary
164.1 What is a word?
558.7 Exercise
174.2 Morphology: the study of word structure
56Chapter 9. Language and Culture
184.3 Some morphological operations of the world’s languages
579.1 Culturally influenced aspects of language
194.4 Two purposes of morphology: derivation and inflection
589.2 Language, culture, and framing
204.5 Summary
599.3 Cross-cultural miscommunication
214.6 Exercise
60 9.4 Politeness and interaction
22Chapter 5. The structure of sentences
619.5 High-involvement and high-considerateness styles
235.1 The poverty of the stimulus
629.6 The ritual nature of the conversation
245.2 Compositionality
639.7 Language and gender
255.3 Grammars are finite; language is not
649.8 Complementary schismogenesis
265.4 Restrictions
659.9 Language and cultural relativity
275.5 Differences in syntax across languages
669.10 Summary
285.6 Functional syntax
679.11 Exercise
295.7 Summary
68Chapter 10. Second language acquisition
305.8 Exercise
6910.1 Theories of second language acquisition
31Chapter 6. Meaning
7010.2 Universal grammar
326.1 Speaker’s meaning and semantic meaning
7110.3 Frequency-primarily based totally methods
336.2 Semantics
7210.4 Summary
346.3 Pragmatics 1: Meaning and Context
7310.5 Individual differences in second language acquisition
356.4 Pragmatics 2: Meaning and the intention to communicate
7410.6 SLA processes
366.5 Philosophical Issues
7510.7 Instruction
376.6 Summary
7610.8 Summary
386.7 Exercise
7710.9 Exercise
39Chapter 7. Language Change
78Glossary
