1Preface
1114.5.1 Rocky Shore Ecosystem
2Chapter - 1. Introduction to Environmental Science
1124.5.2 Sandy Beach Ecosystem
31.1 Introduction
1134.5.3 Mangrove Ecosystem
41.2 Concept of Environmental Science
1144.5.4 Salt Marsh Ecosystem
51.2.1 Meaning and Definition of Environment
1154.5.5 Coral Reef Ecosystem
61.2.2 What Do You Mean By Environment?
1164.5.6 Kelp Forest
71.2.3 Components of Environment
1174.5.7 Polar Ecosystem
81.2.4 Meaning of Environment Science
1184.5.8 Deep Sea Ecosystem
91.2.5 Why Study Environmental Science?
1194.5.9 Hydrothermal Vents
101.2.6 Importance of Environmental Science
1204.6 Exercise
111.2.7 Components of Environmental Science
1214.7 Further Readings
121.2.8 Difference between Environmental Science and Technology
122Chapter - 5. Water
131.2.9 Difference between Ecology and Environmentalism
1235.1 Introduction
141.3 The Process of Science
1245.2 Our Water Resources
151.3.1 The Nature of Science
1255.2.1 Glaciers
161.3.2 Natural Sciences
1265.2.2 Surface Water
171.3.3 Scientific Inquiry
1275.2.3 Rivers
181.3.4 Hypothesis Testing
1285.2.4 Dams
191.4 Environmental Problems
1295.2.5 Groundwater
201.4.1 Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
1305.2.6 Water Conservation
211.4.2 Desertification
1315.2.7 Water Harvesting
221.4.3 Deforestation
1325.3 Freshwater Pollution
231.4.4 Loss of Biodiversity
1335.3.1 Point Pollution and Non-Point Pollution
241.4.5 Disposal of Wastes
1345.3.2 Eutrophication
251.5 Environmental Ethics
1355.3.3 Thermal Pollution
261.5.1 Frontier Ethic
1365.3.4 Cleaning Up Water Pollution
271.5.2 Sustainable Ethic
1375.3.5 The Special Problem of Groundwater Pollution
281.5.3 Land Ethic
1385.4 Ocean Pollution
291.6 Environmental Sustainability
1395.4.1 Process to Stop Ocean Pollution
301.6.1 Sustainable Agriculture
1405.4.2 Who Owns the Oceans?
311.6.2 Sustainable Forestry
1415.5 Exercise
321.7 Exercise
1425.6 Further Readings
331.8 Further Readings
143Chapter - 6. Air
34Chapter - 2. Earth Sciences
1446.1 Introduction
352.1 Introduction
1456.2 Causes of Air Pollution
362.2 Basics of Earth
1466.2.1 Natural Disasters
372.2.1 Formation and Structure of the Earth
1476.2.2 Burning of Fossil Fuels
382.2.2 Age of the Earth
1486.2.3 Traffic
392.2.3 Earth Science and Geology
1496.2.4 Industrial Air Pollution
402.2.4 Space and Earth Science
1506.2.5 Other Causes of Air Pollution
412.2.5 Branches of Earth Science
1516.2.6 Major Air Pollutants
422.2.6 Earth Radiation
1526.3 Effects of Air Pollution
432.2.7 Evolution of Landforms
1536.3.1 Human Health
442.2.8 Coasts, Estuaries, Sea Levels
1546.3.2 Global Warming
452.3 Weathering
1556.3.3 Acid Rain
462.3.1 Physical Weathering
1566.3.4 Eutrophication
472.3.2 Chemical Weathering
1576.3.5 Effect on Wildlife
482.3.3 Biological Weathering
1586.3.6 Depletion of the Ozone Layer
492.4 Greenhouse Effect
1596.3.7 Environmental Effects of Chemical Pesticides
502.4.1 Basic Concept
1606.4 Methods for Air Pollution Control
512.4.2 Understanding Greenhouse Gases
1616.4.1 Importance of Air Pollution Control
522.4.3 Potential Problems with Emissions
1626.4.2 Technological Solutions
532.4.4 Other Planetary Examples
1636.4.3 Raising Awareness and Changing Behavior
542.4.5 Greenhouse Gases
1646.4.4 What Can You Do to Help Reduce Air Pollution?
552.5 Dating techniques
1656.5 Exercise
562.5.1 Relative Dating
1666.6 Further Readings
572.5.2 Stratigraphy
167Chapter - 7. Atmosphere and Climate
582.5.3 Seriation
1687.1 Introduction
592.5.4 Faunal Dating
1697.2 Atmosphere
602.5.5 Pollen Dating (Palynology)
1707.2.1 History of the Earth’s Atmosphere
612.5.6 Absolute Dating
1717.2.2 Function of the Atmosphere
622.5.7 Amino Acid Racemization
1727.2.3 Importance of Atmosphere
632.5.8 Cation-Ratio Dating
1737.2.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Density
642.5.9 Thermoluminescence Dating
1747.2.5 Atmospheric Radiation
652.5.10 Tree-Ring Dating
1757.2.6 Upper Atmosphere
662.5.11 Radioactive Decay Dating
1767.3 Climate
672.5.12 Potassium-Argon Dating
1777.3.1 Climate Conditions
682.5.13 Radiocarbon Dating
1787.3.2 Climate Comparison
692.5.14 Uranium Series Dating
1797.3.3 Most Common Climate Problems
702.5.15 Fission Track Dating
1807.3.4 Climate Control
712.6 Climate change
1817.4 Greenhouse Earth
722.6.1 Global Climate Change
1827.4.1 Greenhouse Effect
732.6.2 Climate Change Debate
1837.4.2 Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide
742.6.3 Some Predictions for Future Climate Change
1847.4.3 Earth Temperature without GHGs
752.6.4 Different Causes of Climate Change
1857.5 Ozone layer
762.7 Exercise
1867.5.1 Ozone in the Troposphere
772.8 Further Readings
1877.5.2 Ozone in Stratosphere
78Chapter - 3. Living Things in Ecosystems
1887.5.3 Ozone Pollution
793.1 Introduction
1897.5.4 CFCs
803.2 Ecosystem
1907.5.5 Effects on Human Health
813.2.1 Abiotic or Non-living Factors
1917.5.6 Ozone Layer Depletion: Consequences and Montreal Protocol
823.2.2 Biotic or Living Factors
1927.5.7 Ozone Protection
833.2.3 Difference between Abiotic and Biotic
1937.6 Exercise
843.3 Habitat and Ecological Niche
1947.7 Further Readings
853.4 Ecological Communities: Networks of Interacting Species
195Chapter - 8. Soil and Land
863.4.1 Competition
1968.1 Introduction
873.4.2 Parasitism
1978.2 Deforestation
883.4.3 Mutualism
1988.2.1 Loss of Habitat
893.4.4 Symbiosis and Coevolution
1998.2.2 Increased Greenhouse Gases
903.5 Adapting to the Environment
2008.2.3 Water in the Atmosphere
913.5.1 Structural
2018.2.4 Soil Erosion and Flooding
923.5.2 Physiological
2028.2.5 Causes of Deforestation
933.5.3 Behavioral
2038.2.6 Effects of Deforestation
943.6 Exercise
2048.2.7 Hard Deforestation
953.7 Further Readings
2058.3 Soil Erosion and Desertification
96Chapter - 4. Kinds of Ecosystems
2068.3.1 Soil Erodibility
974.1 Introduction
2078.3.2 Causes of Soil Erosion
984.2 Forest Ecosystem
2088.3.3 Effects of Soil Erosion
994.2.1 Forest Ecology
2098.3.4 Solutions for Soil Erosion
1004.2.2 Types of Forest Ecosystems
2108.3.5 Desertification
1014.2.3 Structure of Forest Ecosystem
2118.4 Land Pollution
1024.3 Grasslands, Deserts and Tundra
2128.4.1 Causes of Land Pollution
1034.3.1 Desert Ecosystem
2138.4.2 Effects of Land Pollution
1044.3.2 Tundra Ecosystem
2148.4.3 Effects of Land Pollution on Humans
1054.4 Freshwater Ecosystem
2158.4.4 Prevention of Land Pollution
1064.4.1 Fresh Water
2168.5 Exercise
1074.4.2 Balancing Change
2178.6 Further Readings
1084.4.3 Signs of Danger
218Glossary
1094.4.4 Impacts and Issues
219Index
1104.5 Marine Ecosystems
