10. Preface
12419.2. Reactants
20.1.What is Biology?
12519.3. Light-dependent Reactions
30.2. The Origin of the Term "Biology"
12619.4. Reactions of the Calvin Cycle
40.3. Nature of Biology as a Discipline
12719.5. Carbon Fixation
50.4. Key Characteristics of Biology
12819.6. Carbon Dioxide
60.5. Divisions of Biology
12920. Cytoskeleton
70.6. Methods of Study in Biology
13020.1. Microtubules
80.7. Scales of Study in Biology
13120.2. Intermediate Filaments
90.8. Why Biology Matters
13220.3. Microfilaments
101. Why Study Cell and Molecular Biology?
13320.4. Spindle Apparatus
111.1. The Foundation of All Life
13420.5. Functions of the Cytoskeleton
121.2. Connecting Biology, Chemistry, and Physics
13520.6. Structure of the Cytoskeleton
131.3. Medical Applications: Understanding Disease at the Cellular Level
13620.7. Research and Medical Importance
141.4. Revolutionary Tools and Techniques
13721. How Cells Move
151.5. Evolution and the Unity of Life
13821.1. Focal Adhesions
161.6. The Future of Science and Technology
13921.2. Lamellipodia
171.7. A Personal and Global Perspective
14021.3. Actin Filaments in Cell Movement
182. The Study of Evolution
14121.4. Cellular Transport and Movement Coordination
192.1. Theory of Evolution
14221.5. Speed of Cell Movement: Table 21.1: Comparative Speeds of Different Cell Types in Migration
202.2. Adaptive Evolution
14322. Cellular Digestion
212.3. Convergent Evolution
14422.1. Intracellular Digestion
222.4. Natural Selection
14522.2 Functions of Digestive Enzymes
232.5. Vestiges of Evolution
146Table 22.1: Types of Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions in Intracellular Digestion
242.6. Methods of Studying Evolution
147Table 22.2: Types of Digestive Enzymes and Their Substrates
253. What is Cell Biology?
14822.3 Pathogenesis of Diseases Caused by Cellular Digestion
263.1. Introduction to Cell Biology
14923. What is Genetic Material?
273.2. Importance of Cell Biology
15023.1. DNA โ The Blueprint of Life
283.3. Historical Background
15123.2. RNA โ The Messenger and More
293.4. Types of Cells: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic: Table 3.1. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
15223.3. Genes โ Units of Heredity
303.5. Multicellular Organisms
15323.4. Chromosomes โ Packages of Genetic Information
313.6. Evolution of Multicellularity
15423.5. Non-coding DNA โ More Than Junk: Table 23.1: Structure of DNA and RNA with Base Pairing and Nucleotide Components
324. Genetics and Our Genetic Blueprints
15524. The Replication of DNA
334.1. Introduction
15624.1. Base Pairing
344.2. Evolution and Genetics
15724.2. Linear Replication
354.3. Developmental Encoding
15824.3. Self-replication
364.4. DNA โ The Molecular Blueprint
15925. What is Cell Reproduction?
374.5. LINE-1 Elements โ Jumping Genes
16025.1. Basic Steps in Cell Reproduction
384.6 Epigenetics โ Beyond the Genetic Code
16125.2. Cell Division: Table 25.1: Comparison Between Mitosis and Meiosis
394.7. Disease-gene Associations
16225.3. Meiosis
404.8. Reverse Engineering the Genome
16325.4. Cytokinesis
415. Getting Down with Atoms
16425.5. Gamete Formation
425.1. Introduction
16525.6. Chemical Replication
435.2. Subatomic Particles: Table 5.1: Properties of Subatomic Particles
16625.7. Leukemia Case Study
445.3. The Atomic Nucleus
16726. What is Genetic Material?
455.4. Electrons โ The Movers and Shakers
16826.1. DNA โ The Blueprint of Life
465.5. Neutrons โ The Silent Stabilizers
16926.2. RNA โ The Messenger and More
476. How Chemical Bonds Combine Atoms
17026.3. Genes โ Instructions for Building Life
486.1. Covalent Bond
17126.4. Chromosomes โ Packaged DNA
496.2. Ionic Bond
17226.5. Non-coding DNA โ More Than Just Junk
506.3. Metallic Bond
17327. The Replication of DNA
516.4. Single Bond
17427.1. Base Pairing
526.5. Double Bond
17527.2. Linear Replication
536.6. Electrostatic Force
17627.3. Self-replication
546.7. Electrostatic Attraction
17728. What is Cell Reproduction?
556.8. Electrostatic Repulsive Force
17828.1. Basic Steps in Cell Reproduction
567. Water, Solutions and Mixtures
17928.2. Cell Division
577.1. Intermolecular Forces
18028.3. Cytokinesis
587.2 Solubility of a Solute
18128.4. Gamete Formation
597.3. Ionic Nature of Liquid Solutions
18228.5. Chemical Replication
607.4. Stabilizing Agents in Liquid Solutions
18328.6. Leukemia Case Study
617.5. Classifications of Mixtures
18429. The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
627.6. Chemical Misconceptions
18529.1. Cell Cycle
638. Which Elements Are in Cells?
18629.2. Checkpoints
648.1. Carbon: The Backbone of Life
18729.3. Negative Regulators
658.2. Hydrogen: Vital for Water and Organic Compounds
18829.4. Telophase
668.3. Hemoglobin: Iron and Oxygen Transport
18929.5. Anaphase
678.4 Phosphorus: Energy and DNA Backbone
19030. Cell Communities
688.5. Nitrogen: Key to Proteins and Nucleic Acids
19130.1. How Do Cell Communities Operate?
699. Macromolecules Are the โBigโ Molecules in Living Things
19230.2. Bioluminescence
709.1. Biomolecules: The Four Major Types
19330.3. Communication Between Cells
719.2. Functions of Macromolecules
19430.4. Interactions Between Subpopulations of Cells
729.3. General Structure of Macromolecules
19530.5. Control of Cell-cell Distances
739.4. Key Elements in Macromolecules
19630.6. Response to Changing Environments
749.5. Carbohydrates: Quick Energy and Structural Support
19731. Central Dogma
759.6. Nucleic Acids: Carriers of Genetic Instructions
19831.1. Transfer of Information from Nucleic Acid to Nucleic Acid
7610. Thermodynamics in Living Things
19931.2. Irreversibility of Translation
7710.1. The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics in Living Things
20031.3. Codons in the Central Dogma
7810.2. Gibbs Energy Change
20131.4. Mechanisms that are Physically Feasible to Realize the Central Dogma
7910.3. First Law of Thermodynamics
20232. How Genes Make Proteins
8010.4. Second Law of Thermodynamics
20332.1. Non-coding or RNA Genes
8110.5. Third Law of Thermodynamics
20432.2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
8210.6. Application to Organisms
20532.3. Codons
8311. ATP as โFuelโ
20632.4. mRNA
8412. Metabolism and Enzymes in the Cell
20732.5. tRNA
8512.1. Metabolic Complexity
20832.6. Cellโs Origin
8612.2. Regulation of Enzymes
20932.7. Evolution of Gene Regulation
8712.3. Coenzymes
21033. DNA Repair and Recombination
8812.4. Cofactors
21133.1. Essential Proteins for DNA Repair and Recombination
8913. The Plasma Membrane: The Gatekeeper of the Cell
21233.2. Excision Repair
9013.1. Functions of the Plasma Membrane
21333.3. XPF/ERCC1
9113.2. Structure
21433.4. XPG
9213.3. Functions
21533.5. XRCC2
9313.4. Composition
21633.6. XPA
9413.5. Proteins
21733.7. XPD
9513.6. Cellular Homeostasis
21834. Gene Regulation
9614. Diffusion and Osmosis
21934.1. Levels of Gene Regulation
9714.1. Diffusion
22034.2. Transcriptional Regulation in Prokaryotes
9814.2. Osmosis
22134.3 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
9914.3. Reverse Osmosis: A Process of Osmosis
22234.4. Environmental and Developmental Regulation
10014.4. Similarity to Diffusion
22334.5. Examples of Gene Regulation in Action
10114.5. Similarity to ODCA
22435. Genetic Engineering of Plants
10214.6. Similarity to DODT
22535.1. Techniques Used in Plant Genetic Engineering
10315. Passive and Active Transport
22635.2. Traits Introduced through Genetic Engineering
10415.1. Processes of Passive Transport
22735.3. Benefits of Genetically Engineered Plants
10515.2. Non-selective Nature of Passive Transport
22835.4 Environmental and Ethical Considerations
10615.3. Effect of Oxygen Content on Passive Transport
22935.5. Regulatory Oversight
10715.4. Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors on Active Transport: Table 15.1: Comparison of Passive and Active Transport
23035.6. Examples of Genetically Engineered Crops
10816. Cell Signaling
23136. Using Genetic Engineering in Animals and Humans
10916.1. Cell Surface Receptors
23236.1. Genetic Engineering Technology
11016.2. Endocrine Ligands
23336.2. Genetic Engineering in Animals
11117. Oxidation and Reduction
23436.3. Human Genetic Engineering
11217.1. A Guide to Oxidation and Reduction
23536.5. Ethical and Societal Considerations
11317.2. Relationship Between Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
23637. What is Gene Therapy?
11417.3. Nature of Redox Reactions
23737.1. Introduction to Gene Therapy
11517.4. Methods of Redox Reactions
23837.2. How Does Gene Therapy Work?
11617.5. Examples of Redox Reactions
23937.3. Types of Gene Therapy
11718. Steps of Cellular Respiration
24037.4. Delivery Methods
11818.1. ATP โ The Energy Currency
24137.5. Examples of Gene Therapy Applications
11918.2. NADH โ The Electron Shuttle
24237.6. Benefits and Potential of Gene Therapy
12018.3. COโ โ The Waste Product
24337.7. Risks and Challenges
12118.4. Glucose โ The Starting Point
24437.8. Future of Gene Therapy
12219. Introduction to Photosynthesis
24538. Conclusion
12319.1. Light Energy
