1Preface
263Producers
2Chapter 1. Agroclimatology
264Consumers
31.1 Earth and Atmosphere
265Decomposers
41.1.1 Earliest Atmosphere
2665.10 Water Cycle
51.1.2 Second Atmosphere
2675.10.1 Reservoirs
61.1.3 Third Atmosphere
2685.10.2 Sources
71.2 Radiation
2695.10.3 Sinks
81.3 Atmospheric temperature
2705.10.4 Role of Organisms
91.3.1 Temperature Varies
271Producers
101.3.2 Lifted Minimum Temperature
272Consumers
111.3.3 Global Temperature
273Decomposers
121.4 Pressure and Wind System
2745.11 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
131.4.1 Distribution of Air Pressure
2755.11.1 Physical Nitrogen Fixation
14i) Air Temperature:
276(i) Natural Nitrogen Fixation:
15ii) The Earth’s Rotation:
277(ii) Industrial Nitrogen Fixation:
16 iii) Pressure of vapor:
2785.11.2 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
171.4.2 Pressure Belt
279Nitrogen Fixers:
18(i) The Equatorial low Belt
280(i) Free Living Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria:
19(ii) The Sub-tropical high Belts
281(ii) Free-living Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria:
20(iii) The Sub-polar low Belts
282(iii) Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria:
21(iv) The Polar high Belts
283(iv) Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria:
221.4.3 Seasonal Distribution Of Pressure
2845.11.3 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
23(i) Jan Conditions
285(i) Nodule formation :
24(ii) Gregorian calendar month
286 (ii) Mechanism of nitrogen fixation:
25(i) Pressure Gradient Associated Winds:
2875.11.4 Assimilation of Ammonia
26(ii) The effect and Wind:
288(i) Reductive amination:
271.5 Condensation and precipitation
289(ii) Catalytic amidation:
281.5.1 Precipitation
290(iii) Transamination:
29Types
2915.11.5 Nitrate Assimilation
30Liquid precipitation
2921. Reduction of nitrate to nitrite:
31Solid precipitation
2932. Reduction of nitrate:
32Forms of precipitation
2945.12 Use of Biofertilizers
33Raindrops
2955.12.1 Drawbacks of Chemical Fertilizers
34Ice pellets
2965.12.2 Types of Biofertilizers
35Hail
297Nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers
36Snowflakes
298Phosphate biofertilizers
371.6 Indian monsoon
299Phosphorus mobilizing biofertilizers
381.6.1 Importance Of Climate And Weather
300Potassium solubilizing bio-fertilizer (KSB)
391.6.2 Development and Growth Yield of Crops
301Potassium mobilizing bio-fertilizer (KMB)
401.6.3 Climate Requirements Of Plants
302Sulfur oxidizing bio-fertilizer (SOB)
411.7 Weather forecasting
303Biofertilizers for micro-nutrients (Bacillus sp.)
421.8 Agroclimatology classification of India
304Plant growth-promoting (Rhizobacteria)
431.8.1 Fields of Agroclimatology
305Compost (Cellulolytic fungi, Azotobacter)
441.8.2 Rainfall Climatology
306Liquid Biofertilizers
451.8.3 Crop Climatology
3075.12.3 Benefits of Bio-Fertilizer over Chemical Fertilizers
461.9 Clouds Climatology
3085.12.4 Present Research Status of BioFertilizers
471.10 Summary
3095.12.5 Production and Demand of Biofertilizers
481.11 Questions
3105.12.6 Future Perspective of Biofertilizers
491.12 References
3115.13 Green Manuring
50Chapter 2. Climatology
3125.13.1 Types of Green Manures
512.1 Introduction
3131. Leguminous green manures:
522.2 Objectives: 2.2.1 Climatological Measures
3142. Green leaf manures:
532.3 Main areas
3155.13.2 So What Are The Advantages Of Green Manure?
542.3.1 Paleoclimatology
3165.14 Summary
55Ice cores
3175.15 Questions
56Tree rings
3185.16 References
572.3.2 Milankovitch Cycles
319Chapter 6. Biomolecules
582.3.3 Historical Climatology: Climate change
3206.1 Acids and Proteins: 6.1.1 The Basic Hierarchy Of Protein Structure
592.4 Meteorology
3216.2 Standard and Non-standard Amino acids
602.4.1 Origins Of Meteorology
3226.3 Protein Structure
612.4.2 How The Weather Is Studied
3236.3.1 Primary Structure
622.4.3 Similarities Between Climatology And Meteorology
3246.3.2 Secondary Structure
632.4.4 Differences Between Climatology And Meteorology
3256.3.3 Tertiary Structure
642.5 Summary
3266.3.4 Quaternary Structure
652.6 Questions
3276.4 Protein Stability
662.7 References
3286.5 Protein Structure Analysis
67Chapter 3. Agriculture
3296.6 Protein Structure Stability Analysis
683.1 Introduction To Agriculture
3306.7 Nucleic Acids
693.1.1 Terminology
3316.7.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
703.1.2 Definitions
3321. Phosphoric acid:
713.1.3 Agriculture As Art, Science, And Business Of The Crop Production
3332. Pentoses:
723.2 Scope of Agriculture
3343. Bases:
733.3 Branches of Agriculture
335Purines:
74Cultivation
336Pyrimidines:
75Rural Engineering
3376.7.2 Nucleotides
76Ranger service
3386.7.3 Dna Base Composition
77Creature Husbandry
3396.7.4 Dna Is A Double Helix
78Fishery Science
3406.7.5 Separation Of Dna Strands
79Home Science
3416.7.6 Ribonucleic Acid
803.4 Development of Scientific Agriculture
342Structure of RNA:
813.5 History of Agriculture
343Nucleotides:
823.5.1 Auxiliary Farming
344Polynucleotide:
833.5.2 Means Farming
345Kinds of ribonucleic acid:
843.5.3 Blended Farming
3461. Messenger RNA:
853.5.4 Progressed Farming
3472. Transfer or adapter RNA:
863.5.5 Logical Agriculture (Nineteenth Century)
3483. Ribosomal RNA:
873.5.6 Present Day Agriculture (21st Century)
3496.7.7 Significance Of Nucleic Acids
883.6 Global Agriculture
3506.7.8 Molecular Arrangement Of Components In Nucleic Acids
893.6.1 Land Resources
3516.8 Summary: 6.8.1 Nucleic Acids
903.6.2 Water Resources
3526.9 Questions
913.6.3 Food Scenario
3536.10 References
923.6.4 Towards 21st Century
354Chapter 7. Weed Science
933.7 Agriculture in National Economy
3557.1 Definition of a Weed
943.7.1 Commitment to National Income
3567.2 First Steps in Weed Management
953.7.2 Commitment to Employment
3577.3 Weed Classification
963.7.3 Commitment of Manpower to industry
3587.3.1 Morphology
973.7.4 Commitment to Foreign Exchange Resources
3597.3.2 Life Cycle
983.7.5 Association among Agriculture and Industry
360Summer Annuals
993.7.6 Commitment to Capital Formation
361Winter Annuals
1003.7.7 Commitment to Purchasing Power of People
362Biennials
1013.8 Food Problem in India: 3.8.1 Measures to Solve the Food Problem
363Perennials (herbaceous)
1023.9 Summary
3647.4 What Makes a Weed Successful? : 7.4.1 Seed Characteristics
1033.10 Questions
3657.5 Vegetative Propagation
1043.11 References
3667.5.1 Types of Vegetative Propagation
105Chapter 4. Agricultural Meteorology
367Vegetative Propagation by Roots
1064.1 Importance
368Vegetative Propagation by Stems
1074.1.1 Need and Scope
369Vegetative Propagation by Leaf
1084.1.2 The Meteorological Factors Positively Affect
370Cutting
1094.1.3 The Beginnings Of Climate Research
371Grafting
1104.2 Process of Agrometeorology
372Budding
1114.2.1 Meteorological Elements
3737.6 Weed Management Strategies
1124.2.2 Task Of Agrometeorology
3747.7 Herbicides
1134.2.3 Organization Of Agrometeorology
3757.8 Herbicide-Resistant Weeds and Resistance Management
114Data collection
3767.10 Crop Rotation
115Research
3777.11 Other Cultural Practices: 7.11.1 Reduced-Tillage Systems
116Agroclimatological researches
3787.12 Integrated Weed Management
117Field trials
3797.13 Summary
118Methodological research
3807.14 Questions
1194.3 Atmosphere
3817.15 References
1204.3.1 Uses Of Atmosphere
382Chapter 8. Herbicide Mixtures
1214.3.2 Composition Of Atmosphere
3838.1 Herbicide Tolerant Crops
1224.3.3 Vertical Layers Of The Atmosphere
3848.2 Impact of weeds on crop production
123A. Troposphere
3858.3 Herbicides
124B. Stratosphere
3868.3.1 Herbicide Development
125C. Mesosphere/Ozonosphere
3878.3.3 Formulation
126D. Thermosphere
3888.3.4 Toxicology
127E. Exosphere
3898.3.5 Marketing
1284.4 Climate and Weather
3908.3.6 Major Crops Targeted
1294.4.1 Weather
3918.4 Herbicide application
1304.4.2 Climate
3928.4.1 Herbicide Application Times
1314.4.3 Factors Affecting Climate
393Pre-plant
132Latitude:
394Pre-plant incorporated
133Altitude:
395Pre-emergence
134Precipitation:
396At cracking
135Soil type:
397Post-emergence
136Nearness to large water bodies:
398Directed post-emergence
137Topography:
399Shielded (hooded)
138Vegetation:
4008.5 Herbicide mechanism of action
1394.4.4 Scales Of Climate And Their Importance
4018.5.1 (A/1) Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase)
140Microclimate:
4028.5.2 (B/2) Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (ALS)
141Mesoclimate:
4038.5.3 (C1/5) Inhibition of Photosynthesis at Photosystem II (PS II)
142Macro climate:
4048.5.4 (D/22) Photosystem-I-electron Diversion (PS I)
1434.5 Solar Radiation and Crop Production
4058.5.5 (E/14) Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO)
1444.5.1 Sun
4068.5.6 (F1/12) Inhibition of Carotenoid Biosynthesis at the Phytoene Desaturase Step (PDS)
1454.5.2 Radiation
4078.5.7 (F2/27) Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (4-HPPD)
1464.5.3 Solar Radiation
4088.5.8 (G/9) Inhibition of EPSP Synthase
1474.5.4 Solar Radiation And Crop Plants
4098.5.9 (H/10) Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase
148Shorter than visible range:
4108.5.10 (K1/3) Microtubule Assembly Inhibition
149Higher than visible wavelength
4118.5.11 (N/8) Inhibition of Lipid Synthesis – not ACCase Inhibition
150Visible spectrum
4128.5.12 (O/4) Action Like Indole Acetic Acid (Synthetic Auxins)
1514.6 Light and crop production
4138.6 Herbicide selectivity: 8.6.1 Herbicide Resistant Weeds
1524.6.1 Light Intensity
4148.7 Origins of resistance
1534.6.2 Quality of Light
4158.7.1 Mechanisms of Resistance
1544.6.3 Duration Of Light
4168.7.2 Current Status of Resistant Weeds Globally
1554.6.4 Direction Of Light
4178.8 Developing Herbicide Tolerant Crops: 8.8.1 Conventional Herbicide-tolerant Crops
1564.7 Air temperature
4188.9 Most common weeds
157Conduction:
4198.9.1 Biotechderived Herbicide-tolerant Crops
158 Convection:
4208.9.2 Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation
159Radiation:
4218.9.3 Microparticle Bombardment
1604.7.1 Factors Affecting Air Temperature
4228.10 Tools for Integrated Weed Management
161Latitude:
4238.10.1 Preventing The Spread Of Weeds
162Altitude:
4248.10.2 Monitoring Weed Populations
163Distribution of land and water:
4258.11 Cultural Controls
164Ocean currents:
4268.11.1 Crop Rotations
165 Prevailing winds:
4278.11.2 Crop Management
166Cloudiness:
428Vigorous seed and competitive varieties
167Mountain barriers:
429Stale seedbed
1684.7.2 Role Of Temperature In Crop Production
430Row spacing
1694.8 Soil Temperature and crop production
431Seeding at an optimum rate
1704.8.1 Soil Temperature
432Seeding time
1714.8.2 Importance Of Soil Temperature On Crop Plants
433Seeding shortly after seedbed preparation
1724.8.3 Factors Affecting Soil Temperature
4348.11.3 Shallow Seeding And Good “On Row” Packing
173I. Meteorological factors:
4358.11.4 Nutrition
174 1. Solar radiation:
4368.11.5 Soil Conditions
1752. Wind:
437Intercropping
176 3. Evaporation and condensation:
438Limitations of competition
1774. Rainfall (Precipitation):
4398.12 Summary
178II. Soil factors:
4408.13 Questions
1791. Aspect and slope:
4418.14 References
1802. Soil texture
442Chapter 9. Soil Phase
1813. Tillage and Tilth:
4439.1 What is soil?
1824. Organic matter:
4449.2 Properties of soil
1835. Soil moisture:
4459.2.1 Physical Properties
1844.8.4 Variations In Soil Temperature
446a. Horizonation
1851. Daily variations of soil temperature:
447b. Soil Color
1862. Seasonal variations of soil temperature:
448c. Soil Texture
1874.9 Wind and Crop production
449d. Soil Structure
1884.9.1 Wind
450Soil Consistence
1894.9.2 Wind Systems Of The World
451Moist soil:
1901. Doldrums : 2. Trade winds (Tropical Easterlies)
452Wet soil:
1913. Anti-trade winds
453Dry Soil:
1924. Prevailing Westerlies
454Bulk Density
1935. Polar Easterlies / Polar winds
4559.2.2 Chemical Properties of Soil
1944.9.3 Effect Of Wind On Crop Plants
456a. Cation Exchange Capacity(CEC)
1954.9.4 Wind Speed In A Different Season
457b. Soil Reaction (pH)
1964.9.5 Wind Speed
4589.3 Soil Water
1974.9.6 Wind Direction
4599.3.1 Importance and Reasons
1984.10 Humidity and its effects on crops
4609.3.2 Factors Affecting
1994.10.1 Humidity
4619.3.3 Soil Water Holding Capacity: Capillarity
2004.10.2 Absolute Humidity
4629.4 Water holding capacity
2014.10.3 Specific Humidity
4639.5 Soil Air
2024.10.4 Relative Humidity
4649.6 Soil Atmosphere
203Dew Point temperature:
4659.7 Soil Profile
204Vapour Pressure deficit:
4669.7.1 Components of the Soil Profile: Master Horizons
2054.10.5 Importance of Humidity on crop plants
4679.8 Factors that Cause Differences in Soil Behavior and Performance
2064.10.6 Variation in Humidity
4689.9 Summary
2074.10.7 Principles Of Rainmaking
4699.10 Questions
2084.10.8 Cloud Seeding
4709.11 References
209Seeding of cold clouds
471Chapter 10. Agronomy Of Field Crops
2101. Dry ice seeding
47210.1 Introduction
2112. Silver Iodide seeding
47310.2 Challenges In the production of cereals
212Seeding of warm clouds
47410.2.1 The Impact Of Climate Change
2131) Water drop Technique
47510.2.2 Land Degradation And Persistent Biotic And Abiotic Stresses
2142) Common salt technique
47610.2.3 Rapid Population Growth Across Africa And Associated Difficulty In Meeting The Projected Demand For Food
2154.11 Weather Forecast and its importance: 4.11.1 Importance of Weather forecast
47710.2.4 Poor Mechanization
2164.12 Summary
47810.2.5 Inadequate Or Weak Policy Environment
2174.13 Questions
47910.2.6 Dwindling Financial Resources For Research And Development
2184.14 References
48010.3 Support for the Crops
219Chapter 5. Sustainable Agriculture
48110.3.1 Sorghum, Pearl Millet And Finger Millet
2205.1 Agriculture before the green revolution
48210.3.2 Maize
2215.2 The Green Revolution
48310.3.3 Wheat
2225.3 Impact Of Green Revolution On Environment
48410.3.4 Rice
2235.3.1 Salinization
48510.4 Background
2245.3.2 Waterlogging
48610.4.1 Sorghum and Millets
2255.3.3 Soil Erosion
48710.4.2 Maize
2265.3.4 The Decline In Soil Fertility (Pollution)
48810.4.3 Wheat
2275.3.5 Lowering of the Underground Water-Table
48910.4.4 Rice
2285.3.6 Deforestation
49010.5 Africa’s Agriculture Agenda
2295.3.7 Noise Pollution
49110.6 Challenges
2305.3.8 Health Hazards
49210.6.1 Sorghum and Millets : Weak national institutions:
2315.4 Sustainable Agriculture
49310.6.2 Maize
2325.4.1 Role
49410.6.3 Wheat
2335.4.2 Concepts and Basic Principles
49510.6.4 Rice
2345.4.3 Sustainability Through Farming Systems
49610.7 Opportunities
2355.5 Crop Production as an indicator of sustainability: 5.5.1 Crop Operations
49710.7.1 Sorghum and Millets
2365.6 Nutrient Recycling
49810.7.2 Maize
2375.6.1 Components
49910.7.3 Wheat
2385.6.2 Types of Organisms
50010.7.4 Rice
239Producers
50110.8 Summary
240Consumers
50210.9 Questions
241Decomposers
50310.10 References
2425.7 Oxygen Cycle
504Glossary
2435.7.1 Reservoirs
505Index
2445.7.2 Sources
506A
2455.7.3 Sinks
507B
2465.7.4 Role of Organisms
508C
247Producers
509D
248Consumers
510E
249Decomposers
511F
2505.8 Carbon Cycle
512G
2515.8.1 Reservoirs
513H
2525.8.2 Sources
514I
2535.8.3 Sinks
515J
2545.8.4 Role of Organisms
516L
255Producers
517M
256Consumers
518P
257Decomposers
519R
2585.9 Nitrogen Cycle
520S
2595.9.1 Reservoirs
521T
2605.9.2 Sources
522V
2615.9.3 Sinks
523W
2625.9.4 Role of Organisms
