The Marxian Economics (Annotated)

Enriched Edition. Das Kapital, A Contribution to The Critique Of The Political Economy, Wage-Labor and Capital, Free Trade, Wages, Price and ProfitBy Karl Marx

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The Marxian Economics presents a rigorous anatomy of capitalist production, tracing how commodities, value, wages, profit, and accumulation arise from historically specific social relations. Its style is analytic and polemical, combining philosophical argument with empirical observation and a dialectical movement from appearances to underlying structures. Written against classical political economy, especially Smith and Ricardo, it redirects economic inquiry toward exploitation, surplus value, class conflict, and the recurring crises of industrial capitalism. Karl Marx, German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist, wrote amid the upheavals of nineteenth-century Europe and during long exile in London. His journalism, political organizing, and collaboration with Friedrich Engels sharpened his attention to workers' conditions and the worldwide expansion of capital. Years of research in the British Museum enabled him to turn moral outrage into a systematic critique of economic laws that seemed natural but were, for him, historical and changeable. This volume is indispensable for readers seeking the foundations of socialist thought, modern critiques of inequality, and debates over labor, markets, and power. Demanding but rewarding, it suits students of economics, history, philosophy, and political theory who want more than technical models: a sweeping interpretation of capitalism's origins, dynamism, contradictions, and possible transformation. This enriched edition has been carefully crafted to add value to your reading experience. - A succinct Introduction situates the work's timeless appeal and themes. - The Synopsis outlines the central plot, highlighting key developments without spoiling critical twists. - A detailed Historical Context immerses you in the era's events and influences that shaped the writing. - An Author Biography reveals milestones in the author's life, illuminating the personal insights behind the text. - A thorough Analysis dissects symbols, motifs, and character arcs to unearth underlying meanings. - Reflection questions prompt you to engage personally with the work's messages, connecting them to modern life. - Hand‐picked Memorable Quotes shine a spotlight on moments of literary brilliance.

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GenreBusiness and Economics

Length114 hrs 46 mins

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Publish dateMay 7, 2019

LanguageEnglish

1The Fireside Chats of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Annotated)

15713. The Time of Production

2The Marxian Economics

15814. The Time of Circulation

3Wage-Labor and Capital (1847)

15915. Influence of the Time of Circulation on the Magnitude of an Advance of Capital

4Introduction

160I. The Working Period Equal to the Period of Circulation

5Chapter 1 Preliminary

161II. The Working Period Greater Than the Period of Circulation

Show all chapters

6Chapter 2 What Are Wages?

162III. The Working Period Smaller Than the Circulation Period

7Chapter 3 By What is the Price of a Commodity Determined?

163IV. Conclusions

8Chapter 4 By What Are Wages Determined?

164V. The Effect of a Change of Prices

9Chapter 5 The Nature and Growth of Capital

16516. The Turn-Over of the Variable Capital

10Chapter 6 Relation of Wage-labor to Capital

166I. The Annual Rate of Surplus-Value

11Chapter 7 The General Law That Determines the Rise and Fall of Wages and Profits

167II. The Turn-Over of the Individual Variable Capital

12Chapter 8 The Interests of Capital and Wage-labor Are Diametrically Opposed -- Effect of Growth of Productive Capital on Wages

168III. The Turn-Over of the Variable Capital, Considered from the Point of View of Society

13Chapter 9 Effect of Capitalist Competition on the Capitalist Class, The Middle Class, and The Working Class

16917. The Circulation of Surplus-Value

14Free Trade

170I. Simple Reproduction

15Wages, Price and Profit (1865)

171II. Accumulation and Reproduction on an Enlarged Scale

16Preliminary

172Part 3 - The Reproduction and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital

17I. Production and Wages

17318. Introduction

18II. Production, Wages, Profits

174I. The Object of the Analysis

19III. Wages and Currency

175II. The Role of Money-Capital

20IV. Supply and Demand

17619. Former Discussions of the Subject

21V. Wages and Prices

177I. The Physiocrats

22VI. Value and Labour

178II. Adam Smith

23VII. Labouring Power

179III. Smith Resolves Exchange-Value into V Plus S

24VIII. Production of Surplus Value

180IV. The Constant Portion of Capital.

25IX. Value of Labour

181V. Capital and Revenue in Adam Smith

26X. Profit is Made by Selling a Commodity at its Value

182VI. The Economists after Smith

27XI. The Different Parts into Which Surplus Value is Decomposed

18320. Simple Reproduction.

28XII. General Relation of Profits, Wages and Prices

184I. The Formulation of the Question.

29XIII. Main Cases of Attempts at Raising Wages or Resisting Their Fall

185II. The Two Departments of Social Production

30XIV. The Struggle Between Capital and Labour and its Results

186III. The Transactions between the Two Departments

31Capital

187IV. Necessities of Life and Articles of Luxury

32Vol. 1 - The Process of Capitalist Production

188V. The Promotion of the Transactions by the Circulation of Money

33Author’s Preface: First German Edition

189VI. The Constant Capital of Department I

34Editor’s Preface: First English Translation

190VII. Variable Capital and Surplus-Value in Both Departments

35Part 1 - Commodities and Money

191VIII. The Constant Capital in both Departments

361. Commodities

192IX. A Retrospect on Adam Smith, Storch, and Ramsay

37I. The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use-Value and Value

193X. Variable Capital and Wages

38II. The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities

194XI. Reproduction of the Fixed Capital

39III. The Form of Value or Exchange-Value

195XII. The Reproduction of the Money Supply

40IV. The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof

196XIII. Destutt De Tracy's Theory of Reproduction

412. Exchange

19721. Accumulation and Reproduction on an Enlarged Scale

423. Money, or the Circulation of Commodities

198I. Accumulation in Department I

43I. The Measure of Values

199II. Accumulation in Department II

44II. The Medium of Circulation

200III. Diagrammatic Presentation of Accumulation

45III. Money

201IV. Concluding Remarks

46Part 2 - Transformation of Money into Capital

202Vol. 3 - The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole

474. The General Formula for Capital

203Part 1 - The Conversion Of Surplus-Value Into Profit And of the Rate Of Surplus-Value Into The Rate Of Profit.

485. Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital

2041. Cost Price and Profit

496. The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power

2052. The Rate of Profit

50Part 3 - The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value

2063. The Relation of the Rate of Profit to the Rate of Surplus-Value

517. The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value

2074. The Effect of the Turn-Over on the Rate of Profit

52I. The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values

2085. Economies in the Employment of Constant Capital

53II. The Production of Surplus-Value

209I. General Economies.

548. Constant Capital and Variable Capital

210II. Economies in the conditions of labor at the expense of the laborers.

559. The Rate of Surplus-Value

211III. Economies in the Generation of Power, Transmission of Power, and Buildings.

56I. The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power

212IV. Utilisation of the Excrements of Production.

57II. The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product

213V. Economies Due to Inventions.

58III. Senior’s “Last Hour”

2146. The Effect of Fluctuations in Price

59IV. Surplus-Produce

215I. Fluctuations in the Price of Raw Materials, and their Direct Effects on the Rate of Profit.

6010. The Working day

216II. Appreciation, Depreciation, Release, and Tie-up of Capital.

61I. The Limits of the Working day

217III. General Illustration. The Cotton Crisis of 1861-1865.

62II. The Greed for Surplus-Labor, Manufacturer and Boyard

2187. Additional Remarks

63III. Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation

219Part 2 - Conversion of Profit into Average Profit

64IV. Day and Night Work. The Relay System

2208. Different Composition of Capitals

65V. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working Day (Mid 14th- End 17th Century)

2219. Average Rate of Profit and Transformation of the Values of Commodities into Prices Of Production

66VI. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time

22210. Market Prices and Market Values. Surplus-Profit

67VII. Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries

22311. Effects of General Fluctuations of Wages on Prices of Production

6811. Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value

22412. Some After Remarks

69Part 4 - Production of Relative Surplus-Value

225I. Causes Implying a Variation of the Price of Production.

7012. The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value

226II. Price of Production of Commodities of Average Composition.

7113. Co-operation

227III. Fluctuations for which the Capitalist makes Allowance.

7214. Division of Labour and Manufacture

228Part 3 - The Law of the Falling Tendency of the Rate of Profit

73I. Two-Fold Origin of Manufacture

22913. The Theory of the Law

74II. The Detail Labourer and his Implements

23014. Counteracting Causes

75III. The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture

231I. Raising the Intensity of Exploitation.

76IV. Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society

232II. Depression of Wages Below their Value.

77V. The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture

233III. Cheapening of the Elements of Constant Capital.

7815. Machinery and Modern Industry

234IV. Relative Overpopulation.

79I. The Development of Machinery

235V. Foreign Trade.

80II. The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product

236VI. The Increase of Stock Capital.

81III. The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman

23715. Unraveling the Internal Contradictions of the Law

82IV. The Factory

238I. General Remarks.

83V. The Strife between Workman and Machine

239II. Conflict between the Expansion of Production and the Creation of Values.

84VI. The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by Machinery

240III. Surplus of Capital and Surplus of Population.

85VII. Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System

241IV. Supplementary Remarks.

86VIII. Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry

242Part 4 - Transformation of Commodity-Capital and Money-Capital into Commercial Capital and Financial Capital

87IX. The Factory Acts

24316. Commercial Capital

88X. Modern Industry and Agriculture

24417. Commercial Profit

89Part 5 - Production of Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value

24518. The Turn-Over of Merchant's Capital

9016. Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value

24619. Financial Capital

9117. Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value

24720. Historical Data Concerning Merchants' Capital

92I. Length of the Working day and Intensity of Labour Constant

248Part 5 - Division of Profit into Interest and Profits of Enterprise

93II. Working Day Constant

24921. The Interest-Bearing Capital.

94III. Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant

25022. Division of Profit. Rate of Interest. Natural Rate of Interest

95IV. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour

25123. Interest and Profit of Enterprise

9618. Various Formula for the rate of Surplus-Value

25224. Externalisation of the Relations of Capital in the Form of Interest-Bearing Capital

97Part 6 - Wages

25325. Credit and Fictitious Capital

9819. The Transformation of the Value and Respective Price of Labour-Power into Wages

25426. Accumulation of Money-Capital. Its Influence On The Rate Of Interest

9920. Time-Wages

25527. The Role of Credit in Capitalist Production

10021. Piece Wages

25628. The Medium of Circulation and Capital. Tooke's and Fullarton's Conception.

10122. National Differences of Wages

25729. The Composition of Banking Capital.

102Part 7 - The Accumulation of Capital

25830. Money-Capital and Actual Capital - I

10323. Simple Reproduction

25931. Money-Capital and Actual Capital - II

10424. Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital

26032. Money-Capital and Actual Capital - III

105I. Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale

26133. The Currency under the Credit System.

106II. Erroneous Conception

26234. The Currency Principle and the English Bank Laws of 1844.

107III. Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue

26335. Precious Metals and Rates Of Exchange.

108IV. Circumstances that Determine the Amount of Accumulation

264I. The Movements of the Gold Reserve.

109V. The So-Called Labour Fund

265II. The Rate of Exchange.

11025. The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation

266III. Rate of Exchange with Asia.

111I. The Increased Demand for Labour Power that Accompanies Accumulation

267IV. England's Balance of Trade.

112II. Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital

26836. Precapitalist Conditions.

113III. Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus Population or Industrial Reserve Army

269Part 6 - Transformation of Surplus Profit into Ground-Rent

114IV. Different Forms of the Relative Surplus Population

27037. Preliminaries

115V. Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation (pt. 1)

27138. Differential Rent

116V. Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation (pt. 2)

27239. The First Form of Differential Rent

117Part 8 - Primitive Accumulation

27340. The Second Form of Differential Rent

11826. The Secret of Primitive Accumulation

27441. First Case: Constant Price of Production

11927. Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land

27542. Second Case: Falling Price of Production

12028. Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated

276I. The Productivity of the Additional Investment of Capital Remains the Same.

12129. Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer

277II. The Rate of Productivity of the Additional Capitals Decreases.

12230. Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry

278III. The Rate of Productivity of the Additional Capitals Increases.

12331. The Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist

27943. Third Case: Rising Price of Production

12432. Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation

28044. Differential Rent Even Upon the Worst Soil under Cultivation

12533. The Modern Theory of Colonisation (pt. 1)

28145. Absolute Ground-Rent

12633. The Modern Theory of Colonisation (pt. 2)

28246. Building Lot Rent. Mining Rent. Price of Land

12733. The Modern Theory of Colonisation (pt. 3)

28347. Genesis of Capitalist Ground-Rent

12833. The Modern Theory of Colonisation (pt. 4)

284I. Introductory Remarks.

129Vol. 2 - The Process of Circulation of Capital

285II. Labor Rent.

130Part 1 - The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Cycles

286III. Rent in Kind.

1311. The Circulation of Money-Capital

287IV. Money Rent.

132I. First Stage. M-C

288V. Share Farming (Metairie System) and Small Peasants' Property.

133II. Second Stage. Functions of Productive Capital

289Part 7 - The Revenues and their Sources

134III. Third Stage. C'-M'

29048. The Trinitarian Formula

135IV. The Rotation as a Whole

291I.

1362. The Rotation of Productive Capital

292II.

137I. Simple Reproduction

293III.

138II. Accumulation and Reproduction on an Enlarged Scale

29449. A Contribution to the Analysis of the Process of Production

139III. Accumulation of Money

29550. The Semblance of Competition

140IV. Reserve Funds

29651. Conditions of Distribution and Production

1413. The Circulation of Commodity-Capital

29752. The Classes

1424. The Three Diagrams of the Process of Circulation

298A Contribution to The Critique Of The Political Economy

1435. The Time of Circulation

299Author’s Preface

1446. The Expenses of Circulation.

300BOOK I. Capital in general

145I. Genuine Expenses of Circulation.

301Chapter I. Commodities

146II. Expenses of Storage.

302A. Notes on the History of the Theory of Commodities

147III. Expenses of Transportation

303Chapter II. Money or Simple Circulation

148Part 2 - The Turn-Over of Capital

304B. Theories of the Unit of Measure of Money (pt. 1)

1497. The Period and Number of Turn-Overs

305B. Theories of the Unit of Measure of Money (pt. 2)

1508. Fixed Capital and Circulating Capital

306C. Theories of the Medium of Circulation and of Money

151I. Distinctions of Form

307Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy.155

152II. Composition, Reproduction, Repair, and Accumulation of Fixed Capital

3081. Production in General

1539. The Total Turn-Over of Advanced Capital

3092. The General Relation of Production to Distribution, Exchange, and Consumption

15410. Theories of Fixed and Circulating Capital. The Physiocrats and Adam Smith

3103. The Method of Political Economy

15511. Theories of Fixed and Circulating Capital. Ricardo

3114. Production, Means of Production, and Conditions of Production, the Relations of Production and Distribution.164 The Connection Between Form of State and Property on the One Hand and Relations of Production and Distribution(1) on the Other. Legal Relations. Family Relations.

15612. The Working Period